endobj One must note the presence or absence of nine findings on the CT to diagnose interstitial lung diseases. A pattern-based histopathological approach to interstitial lung disease provides a “map” for the general pathologist to navigate this area successfully, especially so when used with aid of the clinical and radiological patterns of presentation. <> This blog does not share personal information with third parties nor do we store any information about your visit to this blog other than to analyze and optimize your content and reading experience through the use of cookies. If the only finding is the presence of ground glass opacities, there are multiple differentials. endobj presence of honeycombing on HRCT). %PDF-1.5 %���� 18. This may have a known etiology (e.g. It is the smallest lung unit that is surrounded by connective tissue septa. 6. Follow-up, treatment, and prognosis are strongly influenced by the underlying pathogenesis. 1. The patient should be made to lie on the CT table in prone position for 5 minutes for the dependent blood flow to normalize and the densities to vanish, before repeating the CT. 3. By more accurately showing disease distribution, a more reasonable approach to lung … UIP pattern. Proper counseling of the patient prior to the CT even by paramedical personnel significantly improves patient compliance and scan quality, and is mandatory. Approach To Interstitial Lung Diseases or Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases 3. CONCLUSION. The reported deep learning–based method can be used to evaluate the extent of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis with results comparable to those of radiologists. There are a couple of links as well at the end to read more from, and links to two ppts put up on this topic on slideshare by Dr Jankharia sometime back (they have more images to refer to). 1. 3B2 Total Publishing System 7.51n/W Acute/subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a common disease which may present with ill defined bronchocentric nodules, as also ground glass opacities. Publicationdate 2007-12-20. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. 2009-04-07T20:32:48Z Thus, many different interstitial pathologies may appear similar on imaging; history is the only way to differentiate between them. Reticular opacities are usually subpleural ground glass opacities and happen at a level within the secondary pulmonary lobule. Fleishner Society defines radiologic honeycombing as ‘clustered cystic air spaces, cysts of comparable diameters, and cyst diameters typically <10 mm surrounded by well-defined walls’. Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases are divided into four groups1: Parenchymal lung diseases of known origin: These include myriad diseases linked to environmental, occupational, and drug-induced causes as well as pulmonary… http://err.ersjournals.com/content/23/132/215, http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL, The Art and Science of Radiology Reporting, Fellowship in Oncoimaging and Intervention, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, What to Read to understand the Basics of AI and How to Engage with AI as a Radiologist, Pediatric Radiology Fellowship, AIIMS Delhi, Fellowship in Neuro and Vascular Interventional Radiology, AIIMS Jodhpur. Acute/subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis if there appropriate history of allergen exposure. endstream Having appropriate history is of paramount important. Respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar; 49 Myers JL, Veal CF Jr, Shin MS, Katzenstein AL. ( Log Out / <> The official statement for evidence-based guidelines and management of IPF: http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL, – Ameya Kawthalkar, Senior registrar, Tata Memorial Hospital, – Akshay Baheti, Assistant Professor, Tata Memorial Hospital. Similarly, how to exhale and hold ones breath for the expiratory phase must also be separately explained, and the patient must understand the timing of this happening. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[28.346449 28.346449 623.62207 822.047241]/Type/Page>> DM Interventional Radiology at Tata Memorial Hospital. A pattern- based histopathological approach to interstitial lung disease provides a ‘‘map’’ for the general pathologist to navigate this area successfully, especially so when used with aid of the clinical and radiological patterns of presentation. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[28.346449 28.346449 623.62207 822.047241]/Type/Page>> endobj The figure explains this beautifully (Case courtesy of A.Prof Frank Gaillard, from https://radiopaedia.org/cases/8760, rID: 8760). There is an excellent article on radiographics on the ILD classification. These usually begin at the bases posteriorly but then will track anteriorly as well. [178 0 R] These can be confirmed as ‘dependent densities’ and not a more sinister pathology by repeating a CT of the patient in the prone position. When the chest radiograph shows a clear pattern of ILD or ALD, one can render a differential diagnosis on the basis of the pattern of parenchymal disease (Table 3.1). 64 0 obj The Cafe Roentgen consensus recommendations, Radiology in Australia: How to Apply and What to Expect, Fellowship in Oncoimaging and Intervention, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, The Complete and Practical Guide to Clearing the European Diploma in Radiology (EDiR), A to Z of FRCR 2B: How to Prepare and What to Read, Road to Canada: How to apply for a Canadian Fellowship, MSK Fellowship at InnoVision under Dr Daftary and Dr Lawande. If you have any questions feel free to contact directly at caferoentgen@gmail.com. i. Dr Bhavin Jankharia has shared his ppts on HRCT in diffuse lung diseases (parts I and II) on slideshare. HRCT images should always be obtained in maximum inspiration as well as in end expiration. Interpretation of “pattern” in relation to distribution, 3. H��W[�۸~ϯ�]�Z�uI���d;If7�L[MQpd��F��4���\t�=6@S��������j=�?1���_�׳]x�Ӄ�/�. This is because UIP can present in a variety of ways other than the classic UIP pattern (i.e. How to Approach and Plan for Higher Education in Radiology? Considering that an ILD may complicate t … Nodules should be considered well-defined if they can be clearly delineated, and ill-defined if not. Sometimes, multiple tiny well-defined nodules may coalesce and appear as ill-defined opacities, confusing us (may happen in military TB). 104 0 obj The ILD consist of disorders of known cause (e.g., collagen vascular diseases, drug-related diseases) as well as disorders of unknown etiology. 10. (Details on table 4 of the evidence-based document on IPF in the link at the end). endobj Pulmonary edema is usually easily diagnosed based on the presence of dependent smooth septal thickening along with effusion/s, and associated clinical history. Lymphangitis classically presents as nodular septal thickening, but it may be smooth as well. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome 3. pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis 4. desquamative interstitial pneumonia 5. lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis Congenital cystic lung diseases that present with recurrent pneu… 71 0 obj Apogee Create Series3 v1.0 A lot (of education) can happen over coffee! The interstitial lung diseases have similar symptoms, physiology, radiology, and histopathology, which may make the process of diagnosis difficult, even for ILD experts. <> Here are the notes based on the talk by Dr Jankharia. The term interstitial lung diseases (ILD) comprises a diverse group of diseases that lead to inflammation and fibrosis of the alveoli, distal airways, and septal interstitium of the lungs. Once the presence of the various HRCT findings is jotted down, the combination of these findings along with appropriate history helps clinch the diagnosis or appropriate differential. Approach to Interstitial Lung Disease: DAMS Unplugged Thursday, June 28, 2018 chest radiology , video Presenting a short teaching video with pulmonologist and Radiologist discussing different aspects of ILD endobj Intralobular insterstitial thickening (at the level of the primary pulmonary lobule) is seen in the form of reticular opacities. 58 0 obj A major problem in India regarding thoracic CT imaging is suboptimal quality of the scans due to the patient not having received adequate instructions regarding taking a deep breath and holding it for the duration of the scan. SECTION 11 Immunologic and Interstitial Diseases CHAPTER 54 Interstitial Lung Disease: A Clinical Overview and General Approach Danielle Antin-Ozerkis INTRODUCTION Commonly, interstitial lung disease (ILD) presents with dyspnea on exertion, diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest imaging, and restriction with diffusion impairment on physiologic testing. <>stream https://www.slideshare.net/bhavinj/hrct-in-diffuse-lung-diseases-i-techniques-and-quality, https://www.slideshare.net/bhavinj/hrct-in-diffuse-lung-diseases-ii?qid=76403b37-2d5b-4cfc-8677-b0e302433160&v=&b=&from_search=3. ( Log Out / Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease. For example, a combination of ground glass opacities + septal thickening (crazy paving pattern) is seen in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Most of our knowledge about imaging findings in interstitial lung disease comes from HRCT. In t… ( Log Out / One must note the presence or absence of nine findings on the CT to diagnose interstitial lung diseases. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. If we do not know the history (apart from the obvious AIP or pulmonary edema), the impression can be worded as ‘This findings can be seen in RB-ILD or DIP if the patient is a smoker. On a Chest X-Ray it can be very difficult to determine whether there is interstitial lung disease and what kind of … Interstitial lung disease is considered a misnomer by some, as many of the diseases also involve the alveolar spaces. These heterogeneous parenchymal lung disorders overlap in their clinical presentations and patterns of lung injury. The purpose of this article is to discuss imaging techniques and a pattern-based approach for diagnosing childhood interstitial (diffuse) lung diseases in infants. Radiological Approach To Diffuse Lung Diseases Dr. Soe Moe Htoo 2. Multiple/diffuse cysts with ground-glass opacity include pneumocystis pneumonia, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. There are numerous interstitial lung diseases, but in clinical practice only about ten diseases account for approximately 90% of cases. Obtaining good quality HRCT images is an essential step for evaluating pulmonary pathologies. The first step in evaluating for ILD is to distinguish between fibrosing and non-fibrosing ILDs. You can read more on honeycombing at. Presence of a connective tissue disease almost always indicates NSIP. 5. 100 0 obj uuid:aefc6736-b92f-48d8-bc41-4e6fd91440ce A common imaging conundrum when the CT is not obtained in maximum inspiration is the appearance of reticular opacities in the gravity dependent segments of the lung, especially at the lung bases. Introduction. endobj These nine findings are. 4. 117 0 obj The presence or absence of nodules coupled with CT demonstration of differential involvement of the three interstitial compartments is useful in limiting diagnostic possibilities in interstitial disease. The diagnostic approach to idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) has long been confusing because these disorders were categorized according to different clinical, radiologic, and histologic classifications (, 1,, 2).In 2001, the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) standardized the terminology for IIPs (, Fig 1) (, 3). endobj Once you see a fibrosing ILD, it should be classified as one of the following patterns. The clinical presentation is an important clue to the differential diagnosis of cystic lung diseases 12. On a Chest X-Ray it can be very difficult to determine whether there is interstitial lung disease and what kind of … Click the links below to see more images and have a better understanding. Note that the interlobular septum contains only vessels and lymphatics. The ILDs will usually be easily diagnosed based on the combination of these nine findings along with associated history. The interpretation of interstitial lung diseases is based on the type of involvement of the secondary lobule. An older patient with age > 70 years is more likely to have UIP, whereas a younger patient with age < 50 years is more likely to have NSIP. 2021-01-19T06:07:29-08:00 In this review we present the key findings in the most common interstitial lung diseases. Diseases that present with insidious dyspnea or spontaneous pneumothorax: 1. lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that produce inflammation and fibrosis of the parenchyma, affecting the alveolar, interstitial and vascular spaces.5 Sometimes the causative etiology or mechanism can be identified (eg, collagen vascular disease, environmental or drug related), while other times it may remain unknown or idiopathic.4 Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias comprise the following disease entities, listed in decreasing order of frequency: Idiopathic pulmonary fi… Granulomatous lung disease refers to a broad group of infectious and non-infectious conditions characterized by the formation of granulomas. We propose an algorithmic approach to the interpretation of diffuse lung disease on high-resolution CT. Regression following treatment with steroids is seen in NSIP and not UIP. If there is no obvious history, this still remains as a differential. Honeycombing would present as pleural based rows of cysts stacked one upon the other, with the walls of the cysts in contact with each other (see figure below). Remember; CT has a high specificity but low sensitivity for diagnosing UIP. Consolidation is the defining feature of only one interstitial lung disease: organizing pneumonia. Age, history of smoking, history of connective tissue disease, exposure to allergens (having pets for example), occupational history etc are all important. The ILDs will usually be easily diagnosed based on the combination of these nine findings along with associated history. 15. 7. 99 0 obj Note that the cysts in cystic ILD will have walls. RB-ILD or DIP if there is history of smoking, AIP (ARDS) if the patient is having respiratory failure and is on ventilator, PCP infection if the patient is HIV positive and has a low CD4 count, NSIP if there is connective tissue disease, Pulmonary edema if associated with effusions/septal thickening. 2021-01-19T06:07:29-08:00 Importantly, usual interstitial pneumonia pattern without a known cause is termed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which has a very poor survival and is like a death sentence. <>stream ILDs may occur in isolation or in association with systemic diseases. 19. Multidisciplinary team (MDT) diagnosis is regarded as the diagnostic reference standard for interstitial lung disease (ILD). Following an initial review of pertinent lung anatomy, the following steps are included. This chapter on interstitial lung disease (ILD) is followed by a chapter on alveolar lung disease (ALD). endobj Interstitial lung disease (ILD) encompasses a wide range of parenchymal lung pathologies with different clinical, histological, radiological, and serological features. We are however happy to allow reuse of any blog content as long as we are appropriately acknowledged. Thus, interlobular interstitial thickening is usually seen due to pulmonary edema/pulmonary vein compression or stenosis, leading to backpressure changes and fluid retention within the septae; or due to cells (tumor cells in lymphangitis; proteins in alveolar proteinosis) within the septum. The technician/ancillary staff must always demonstrate to the patient how to take a deep breath and hold it, and explain that the instructions will come from the machine via a recorded voice so that the patient is not startled. The trachea is round and expanded in inspiration, and collapsed and crescent shaped in expiration. If there is any clinical doubt, a follow-up CT or a biopsy should be performed. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. This stepwise radiologic diagnostic approach can be helpful in reaching a correct diagnosis for various cystic lung diseases. Usually, in a cystic ILD, the intervening lung parenchyma is relatively nomal (LCH may be an exception). endobj http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/rg.2015140334, iii. If the diagnosis is of a non-fibrosing ILD, the presence of the combination of other findings on HRCT can help make the diagnosis. A conundrum arises when widespread small opacities are difficult to categorize into one group or the other on chest radiography, or when ILD and ALD are both present. You can turn off the use of cookies at anytime by changing your specific browser settings. 103 0 obj 8. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[28.346449 28.346449 623.62207 822.047241]/Type/Page>> application/pdf <> General approach to the diagnosis of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases 1.1. endobj Step 1: a preliminary review of available chest radiographs, including the “scanogram” obtained at the time of the CT examination. We haven’t put a lot of images into the notes; we suggest reading the notes with the slideshare open in another tab to look at relevant images, and then finish it off by reading the two pdfs. This policy is subject to change without notice and was last updated on 23rd Sept, 2018. 51 0 obj endobj Practical approach to diffuse lung diseases 1. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[28.346449 28.346449 623.62207 822.047241]/Type/Page>> 9. Radiology Fellowships, DMs and Super-Speciality DNBs in India, What to read during radiology residency? Radiological Approach To Diffuse Lung Diseases 1. It is important to understand the anatomy of the secondary pulmonary lobule and interlobular septum. Cysts with a discernible wall may represent cystic ILD as also other differentials such as bronchiectasis, honeycombing, cystic metastases, septic emboli etc. 13. endobj 101 0 obj Fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. In this review, we describe a practical approach to high-resolution CT diagnosis of diffuse lung disease, emphasizing (1) analysis of "distribution" of the abnormalities, (2) interpretation of "pattern" in relation to distribution, (3) utilization of associated imaging findings and … The primary pulmonary lobule is present within the secondary pulmonary lobule and consists of a bunch of acini. 46 0 obj Classification of findings in a fibrosing ILD seen on HRCT: 11. 14. (Image from Wikimedia Commons; contributed by Darel Heitkamp, MD.). They indicate the presence of intralobular septal thickening (as against the conventional ‘septal thickening’ which is interlobular). On HRCT there are four patterns: reticular, nodular, high and low attenuation (table). APPROACH TO DIAGNOSING ILD 6. Hepatobiliary Phase Hypointense Cirrhotic Nodules without Arterial Hypervascularity: What to do? CT showing reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis and honeycombing. Assuming that the patient is not a smoker and is not immunocompromised, the differentials would include hypersensitivity pneumonitis and NSIP.’. Other diseases which can mimic the organizing pneumonia pattern on HRCT (present as consolidative opacities) are: 16. drug-induced); when the etiology is unknown, it is called cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Abstract. 174 0 obj uuid:9cb20b7f-1dd1-11b2-0a00-aa00687aceff The secondary lobule is the basic anatomic unit of pulmonary structure and function. ii. Change ). 2. Interstitial lung disease is considered a misnomer by some, as many of the diseases also involve the alveolar spaces. Proper lung window width and window level settings are a must for evaluating and filming pulmonary pathologies adequately. Abstract Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) encompass a wide range of diffuse pulmonary disorders, characterized by a variable degree of inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the alveolar wall and eventually the distal bronchiolar airspaces. endobj It must hence be diagnosed only when CT unequivocally indicates this diagnosis. The presence of reticular opacities, traction bronchiectasis, and honeycombing indicates fibrosing ILD; namely UIP, NSIP, or chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. 17. If the pattern is not classic for UIP and NSIP is a differential, few pointers help. 102 0 obj Chest 2005; 127: 178–184. LIP lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, NSIP nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, RB-ILD respiratory bronchiolitis–associated interstitial lung disease, UIP usual interstitial pneumonia RadioGraphics 2007; 27:595–615 Published online 10.1148/rg.273065130 Content Code:
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